Inland rail freight services with less fuel and lower emissions

Many countries have enhanced their air quality agenda (NOx, PMx etc.) by a climate change (CO2 etc.). A direct way to lower these emissions is using less energy (fuel) per activity. One of activities freight transport. Transport from supplier factory relies on efficient and cost-effective means Road transport (trucking) usually preferred. But, trucking still very dependent fossil fuels. It also not suitable for bulk over longer distances. In areas without waterways, rail logical alternative, but has its own perils. This paper discusses options make services between Germany France compliant with emission reduction targets. leads the main research question: Is it possible design routes that reduce fuel use, CO2, NOx PM10, while offering competitive times? Main corridors show signs congestion lack resilience. then interesting if (dormant) regional/rural, non-electrified, tracks could provide capacity increase resilience services. Such benefit rural economies. literature study conversations regional expert were used develop case service alternative routes. model was estimate consumption, trip times such The indicates takes concerted action achieve intended goals.